Organizational Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organizational Justice - Essay Example . For a manager to act justly, he has to read the codes of conduct of an organization first, this entails understanding all the words that are used in the code of conduct putting in mind both the spirit and intended meanings of the words. After understanding the codes of conduct, it is important to ensure that all the employees understand the codes of conduct, and in case of any misunderstanding, explanations are given to the employees. A manager who acts consistently with the codes of conduct is able to provide a foundation of trust in the organization, and there will be a good relationship with the employees at the work place. Becoming organizational members means we surrender some of our autonomy so that others can control us (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis 2008, p.252). The goal of a manager is to elaborate to the employees meaning of good ethical judgments and encourage all employees to bring forward any acts that they think is not appropriate. The result of these is that an organ ization will be able to monitor behaviours that are unethical before it gets out of control and stop it at the right time. Day-to-day decisions involve issues that are ethical from considerations of reasons for promotion, decision to discipline a particular employee fairly to treating other individuals in an organization. Treating employees in a just manner also involves tolerating behaviours of an individual that you would not tolerate in others and a manager must ensure he is able to handle all of these actions. Rational decision-making will assume the decision maker is well informed of organizational goals and the alternatives that are available (Denhardt 2010, p.82). There are times when being ethical will not answer the certain issues being confronted in an organization such as having an ethical line and legal conduct that can, in most times, are blurred. For instance, if a manager finds documents that have information about the products of his competitor, the illegal part woul d be if the manager steals it from the competitor’s premise. However, if the document is found in the streets, ethics allows the manager to use the information assuming an individual might have dropped the document by accident. For an organization to have justice, it is important, therefore, to offer training that involves more than just reviewing the rules of the company. Some behaviour is not acceptable in one organization, but is acceptable in another and vice versa, and it, therefore, does not mean that the behaviour should be tolerated at the company leaving the other company. The organization should be able to set standards that every individual

Business Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Intelligence - Research Paper Example In recent times, organizations around the world are adopting different forms of BI as vehicles for attaining the competitive advantage over their market niche. This is particularly so in restaurant chains, health facilities, and resorts such as Exclusive Resorts and Marshfield Clinic. Such businesses use the BI systems in making tactical decisions concerning their businesses, such as the introduction of new product and services, removal of underperforming services and products, and identification of opportunities to improve inefficient processes. One of the most important components of BI is business analytics, an essential factor that determines the success capability of a business (Electrosmart, 2012). The analysis of the case study of Marshfield Clinic and Exclusive Resort provides four important lessons for companies wishing to adopt BI systems into their organizations: have a clear vision, good communication skills of employees, cooperative employees, and dedicated resources (TD WI, 2011). Considering the cases of Exclusive Resorts and Marshfield Clinic, evidently, a company needs to have a clear vision of its perceived needs for the BI process. ... Despite the difference in the platform application, Exclusive Resort had a similar problem with multiple, disconnected, and inflexible technology that increased the cost of operation and difficulty in operation resulting from the expansion of the company’s business. According to the case study, Exclusive Resort actually had to purchase additional software to produce reports needed by the stakeholders and decision makers. The company embarked on the search for an Enterprise Resource Planning system that would integrate the existing technology and promote the competitiveness and quality of member services while encouraging the growth members (Microsoft, 2011). The two companies had a clear understanding of the functionality and provision of the BI systems, as well as a clear expression from the different business departments on the types of the decision expected from BI system. Another emergent issue from the two case studies was the importance of communication skills among the employees of the two companies. At Marshfield Clinic, the associate chief medical information officer Mike Cummins was quick to identify that the problem was not a patient-care data system, but an analytical tool that would enhance effective and efficient real-time decision-making by physicians. Having such an employee with good communication skills enabled the company to identify the real problem with its data collection system. The senior vice president of technology at Exclusive Resorts was also able to communicate the problem they had with their previous system, enabling the experts from Microsoft to design a solution that suits their needs.  Ã‚  

Ethical And Legal Implications Of Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Ethical And Legal Implications Of Euthanasia Essay The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek words â€Å"eu† which means good and â€Å"thanatos† which means death. Hence the literal translation of euthanasia is good death. Majority of countries around the world has prohibited euthanasia yet particular countries and states still apply this concept without much regard to the laws governing this issue. Unfortunately, cases of euthanasia still flourish because the physician conducting euthanasia is often left unharmed. Among all the countries around the world, the Netherlands has been identified as the prime country that allows the application of euthanasia in hospital cases. The topic of euthanasia is a controversial topic in human health. Euthanasia has been associated with medical issues, as well as ethical, legal, cultural and religious issues. Euthanasia has been originally defined as a method of accelerating death of a patient in order for the patient to avoid additional pain and misery due to his current medical condition. Since this classical definition is very sketchy, it is important that the different forms of euthanasia be described in detail. Voluntary euthanasia pertains to the hastening of death based on the consent that has been provided by the patient. It is a common situation in voluntary euthanasia that the patient signifies his wish to end his life because of the hardships he is currently experiencing as a consequence of his medical illness and another individual accomplishes euthanasia to fulfill the patient’s wishes. In the case of involuntary euthanasia, the patient remains competent is signifying his wishes and even decide what he wants to happen to himself, but euthanasia is still performed on the patient without even discussing this option with him. There are also cases wherein the patient is not able to express his wishes because he has lost his ability to communicate and non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted on the patient. The loss of ability to communicate is often observed among adult patients who are in a comatose or mentally deficient condition. The condition of not being able to communicate may also be observed among newborn babies that have congenital anomalies. There are also different forms of euthanasia that is based on how it is conducted. Active euthanasia pertains to the accelerating of the death process through the act of injecting a toxic substance that would result in death of the patient. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, refers to euthanasia that involves the removal of treatment or the refusal in providing treatment to the patient. This type of euthanasia entails giving up the use of any life support systems or treatments and reflects an individual’s intention that the patient die after soon after the act is performed. The word passive often confuses the public because the word connotes not performing any particular act but the phrase passive euthanasia technically means the induction of death through the removal of supportive systems to the patient. Several other phrases have been used interchangeably to denote euthanasia. These are physician-assisted suicide of killing, withholding treatment, mercy killing or medical futility. In physician-assisted suicide, the medical practitioner supplies the patient with a lethal substance which the patient himself administers on himself in order to end his life (Materstvedt et al. 2003). In the case of withholding life-sustaining treatment, the physician attending to the patient decides that the use of further medical equipment and medications will not benefit the patient. In addition, the decision of withholding life-sustaining treatment is also based on the patient’s and the family’s request. Most of the hospital cases that withhold life-sustaining treatment are also futile in terms of medical procedures and treatments. There is much controversy with regards to the use of euthanasia around the world. It has been reported that majority of the physicians would support the authorization of euthanasia in medical practice. Particular countries and states have actually rejection or overturned earlier promulgations that are related to the conduct of euthanasia. In Australia, the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act was disallowed in 1997. In the state of Oregon in the United States, the Oregon Death and Dignity Act was discarded in 1999 (Miller et al. , 2004). These Acts were denied based on a number of ethical implications. One of the major issues related to euthanasia is that the suffering of the patient was not alleviated correctly. It has been pointed out that there is a possibility that the appropriate palliative care was not provided to the patient hence the patient would experience pain and discomfort. The availability of euthanasia thus influences the decisions of the physician wherein the physician would not look into the patient’s condition in detail because he is aware that there will always be the option of performing euthanasia in case the patient does not feel better as soon as expected. It is also possible that the amount of pain medications were below the optimal concentration that would be needed to eradicate the pain the patient is experiencing. There are also instances when a patient with a terminally ill condition is also suffering from a second medical disorder. Co-morbidities often occur with cancer patients, wherein they also suffer from major depression or another form of mental health disorder. Clinical research has also showed that patients with terminally ill conditions are more likely to request euthanasia in order to end of his suffering and frustration. It is thus important to determine whether the suffering of a patient continues due to patient negligence or mainly due to the illness itself. Another ethical issue related to euthanasia is that patients generally change their mind with regards to their requested treatment and wishes during the course of their ailment. It has been observed that among the patients who initially request for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, only approximately one-third of the patients remained with their decision of using euthanasia. As for the rest of the patients, they eventually changed their minds with regards to requesting euthanasia because an alternative method was provided to them that changed their perception of their terminal conditions. The alternative option actually made their conditions and current lives tolerable and still worth living. If euthanasia were legalized, it would be a great loss to the human population to see a significant number of patients that would instantly resort to giving up their lives just because of the idea that there is suffering and pain due to their illness. The value of life is also questioned in the act of euthanasia. Christianity has taught that only God will provide and take away life hence any person does not have the right to end an individual’s life, regards of his medical condition or state. The ethical issue of the patient’s and the physician’s rights to life are also questioned in euthanasia. In the medical Oath of Hippocrates, it is stated that a physician will do no harm to the patient and this should not be confused with the patient’s decision to die because this does not automatically mean that the physician has the right to kill the patient that signified his intent to receive euthanasia. The slippery slope phenomenon has been strongly linked with the issue of euthanasia, resulting in the need for a thorough sociological review of the act. Initial cases that employed euthanasia often involved hastening death among terminally ill patients. Euthanasia is secondarily provided to patients diagnosed to be chronically ill. The slippery slope phenomenon pertains to the application of euthanasia on other medical cases that show vague definitions with regards to futility and recovery. These medical conditions include the persistent vegetative state, which involves a patient that had undergone an episode of coma and then reawakened with a destructed brain stem. A patient in a persistent vegetative state thus presents with the inability to communicate but is actually conscious and can only perform the gag reflex. The persistent vegetative state is an exception to the definition of brain death, because only one of the two major components of the central nervous system is affected by the condition. Brain death has been classically defined as the shutting down of the entire central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, resulting in the loss of breathing and stoppage of beating of the heart. In the case of persistent vegetative state, the patient remains awake yet has lost the capacity to perform any other motor activities. If euthanasia were legalized, this would provide physicians and family members of the patient an option to decide on whether it is right to end the life of a patient if he is in a persistent vegetative state. Other patients suffering from AIDS would also be given a quick solution to get away from their suffering of AIDS-related complications and would not learn to live the rest of their lives with AIDS. It is also alarming to imagine that if euthanasia were legalized, any elderly person may be subjected to euthanasia in order to circumvent the responsibility of caring for a senior individual. The issue of euthanasia also affects the patient’s trust in a physician. These medical professionals have long been perceived as skilled individuals that have a great knowledge in saving and prolonging the life of an individual. It is thus a normal implication that these medical professionals also have the expertise in hastening and terminating the life of an individual should he be asked to perform this or should he decide that ending a life of a person is the right thing to do. Hence if euthanasia is legalized, patients would feel that the physician carries the option of whether he shall or shall not live. Another sociological issue related to euthanasia is that the patient may be pressured to decide on euthanasia because of his family’s treatment on him (Ganzini et al. 2002). If euthanasia were legalized, any patient that feels that his illness is becoming a burden to his family members may easily pick the option of euthanasia to avoid the disappointment and anguish that his family is experiencing due to his illness. As for other elderly patients who are chronically or terminally ill, they would rather avoid being a burden to their families hence they would most likely request for euthanasia. Euthanasia is also implicated with sociological issues such as the eradication of unwanted ethnic groups. The historical incident of the mass murder of Jews by the Nazis during World War II is an extreme example of the use of euthanasia. The decision to eradicate Jews was then a political move that was performed using a medical procedure. The incident of mass murdering of Jews by the German Nazis is also strongly associated with the concept of eugenics, or the biased selection of individuals that are allowed or accepted by society. Eugenics has also been linked with the eradication of criminals in society during the earlier centuries.

Effects of Magnetic Fields Produced from Long Wires

Effects of Magnetic Fields Produced from Long Wires Faradays Law Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the effects of magnetic fields produced from long wires and comparison of theoretical and experimental results through the use of Amperes Law and Faradays Law Contents 1. Summary 2. Introduction 2.1 Introduction to Method 2.1.1 Apparatus 2.1.2 Procedure 3. Results 3.1 Single Wire Experiment 3.2 Single wire experiment with Ferrite Core 3.3 Double Wire Experiment 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. References Appendix A Raw Data Electromagnets and the magnetic fields that they produce provide the foundations for the development of various major industries in modern society, including medicine, transport and robotics. However, there can be inaccuracies with their use caused by a phenomenon known as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this experiment, a search coil was placed near a fixed wire with a current flowing through it, and the induced voltage across the coil was measured and recorded as the coil was moved away from the wire to investigate the effect of distance on the magnitude of the magnetic flux while the effects of a ferrite core on the magnetic field produced were also explored. The experimental and theoretical results highlighted the same trends, confirming the expectation that an increase in distance would cause a decrease in the magnitude of magnetic flux. The differences in results can be considered due to EMI from the return connection, which can induce unwanted voltages in the circuit. A magnetic field is the region in the neighbourhood of a magnet, electric current or changing electric field in which magnetic forces are observable. (1) An electromagnetic field is the form of magnetic field generated by the flow of electric current; it is caused by the movement and acceleration of the electrons. (2) Electromagnets play an important role in the continued development of many major industries, while there are already numerous useful applications of them in modern society. The electromagnetic fields they produce are vital in: medical practises such as MRI scans where they are used to alter the alignment of hydrogen atoms in the body (3); the production of high-speed Maglev trains which eliminates friction by allowing the train to levitate (4) and the continued scientific research into superconductors and rapid acceleration which provides the basis for particle accelerators. (5) However, constantly changing electromagnetic fields, especially in electric circuits, can cause a phenomenon known as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) which can induce unwanted voltages and affect the performance of electronic devices. The area of engineering which aims to eradicate the problems caused by these disturbances is known as Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). (6)(7) Two equations which form the fundamental basis for electromagnetism and its understanding are Amperes Circuital Law and Faradays Law. Amperes Law states that the magnetic field, B, caused by an electric current is proportional to the size of the electric current. (8) (equation 1) However, in this experiment, the current, I, flowing through the circuit remains constant, as does the permeability of free space, , and 2à Ã¢â€š ¬, and therefore the magnetic field, B, is expected to be inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. Faradays Law states that any change in the magnetic environment of a wire will cause a voltage to be induced in the wire. (9) (equation 2) If = BA and a sinusoidal variation of the magnetic field is assumed: (equation 3) where is the induced voltage, N is the turns on the coil, A is the area of the coil and is the angular frequency. As N, A and are constant, the magnetic field, B, should be directly proportional to the induced voltage, E, in this investigation. 2.1 Introduction to Method 2.1.1 Apparatus Agilent signal generator to vary the frequency of the signal provided to the circuit. Twin wire board as shown in figures 1 and 2, containing a fixed wire, an adjustable return connection wire and a 50ÃŽÂ © resistor in series with the circuit. Rectangular air cored coil of dimensions 30mm x 30mm and containing 50 turns, used to measure the changing B field from the wire. Ferrite core to alter the effects of the B field on the coil. Digital Multimeter to record the voltages across the resistor and the search coil, measuring with an uncertainty of +0.0005mV. 2.1.2 Procedure The long wire board was connected to the Agilent signal generator, ensuring that the 50ÃŽÂ © resistor was in series with the circuit. One connection was made using the fixed wire on the board; the other was made using a long connection lead kept the farthest distance away from the experiment as possible, as demonstrated in figure 1. A sign wave signal of frequency 60kHz was selected and the voltage across the resistor recorded, allowing a current to be calculated. The rectangular search coil was then placed against the fixed wire 2cm away from the centre line and the voltage across the coil measured. The coil was then moved at a right angle away from the fixed wire in increments of 1cm and the voltage across the coil measured at each of these points. The input sign wave frequency was then altered to 30kHz and the experimental procedure was repeated. The input sign wave frequency was then returned to 60Hz and a round ferrite core inserted into the search coil; the experiment was th en repeated again. The long connection lead was then changed to provide a short connection as shown in figure 2. A sign wave signal of frequency 60kHz was again selected and the current calculated. The rectangular search coil was then placed against the short connection wire 2cm away from the centre line and the voltage across the coil measured. The coil was then moved in the same manner as above and the voltages recorded. The input sign wave frequency was again altered to 30kHz and the experiment was repeated. The current through the circuit was calculated using Ohms law: where V is the measured voltage across the resistor (3.385 V) and R is the known resistor value 50ÃŽÂ ©, giving = 191mA. For the single wire and double wire at both frequencies, and the single wire at 60kHz with the ferrite core, the distance of the search coil away from the wire, d, and the RMS voltage across the search coil, E, were recorded and collected in three tables which can be found in Appendix A. The RMS voltages measured were then converted into peak-to-peak voltage values for use in equation 3. The resultant experimental B fields for the respective frequencies were then calculated using equation 3, using N = 50 and A = 9x and included in the tables. 3.1 Single Wire Experiment For the single wire experiment, theoretical values for the magnetic flux density at each distance were then calculated using equation 1. A graph of B against the distance from the wire was then plotted for both frequencies and a comparison between experimental and theoretical values made on both graphs. 3.2 Single wire experiment with Ferrite Core With the ferrite core introduced into the search coil, at a frequency of 60kHz, the voltage across the search coil was measured and a graph of the induced EMF, V, against distance plotted. The induced EMF without the ferrite core is also plotted for reference. 3.3 Double Wire Experiment For the double wire experiment, two theoretical values for the magnetic flux density were calculated; one for the magnetic flux induced by the fixed wire and one for the magnetic flux induced by the short connection wire. These were both calculated using equation 1, using a reference of +0cm for the short connection and +15cm for the fixed wire. These values were then combined using the principle of superposition and an overall theoretical value for magnetic flux density at each distance calculated. Again, a graph of B against the distance from the wire was plotted for both frequencies and a comparison between experimental and theoretical values made on both graphs. It was expected that as the distance of the search coil away from the fixed wire increased, the voltage induced across the coil would decrease and therefore the magnetic flux density, B, would also decrease. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical data points from figures 3 and 4 shows a clear correlation between the two calculations, confirming the theory discussed in section 2 of the report. The slight discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical values can be accredited to possible electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the long connection lead, inducing unwanted voltages across the coil and affecting the accuracy of the results. The scale of magnetic flux is affected by the angle at which the flux density and the surface interact such that , where ÃŽÂ ¸ is angle between the magnetic flux, B, and the normal to the surface. When the normal to the coil is parallel to the wire, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 90 ° and therefore cos(ÃŽÂ ¸) = 0, proposing that the theoretical value of magnetic flux is 0. When the coil was placed perpendicular to the fixed wire, a voltage of 0.541mV was measured, which can be approximated to 0V. The small induced voltage can be considered due to the presence of a background magnetic field. With the ferrite introduced into the search coil, the emf induced in the coil is measured to be significantly larger than with no ferrite present, as can be seen from figure 5. Due to the high magnetic permeability of a compound such as a ferrite, the magnetic field produced by the coil is concentrated in the core material, reducing the effects of EMI and increasing the induced emf in the coil. (10) In the double wire experiment, the voltage induced in the search coil is created through a combination of the magnetic fields produced from both the fixed wire and the short wire. Because it is a series circuit, the current is flowing in opposite directions in each of the wires and consequently, from the right-hand rule, the magnetic fields from each wire are also acting in opposite directions, demonstrated in figure 8. Therefore, it would be expected that the induced voltage across the coil, and subsequently the magnetic flux, B, would be smaller than those measured in the single wire experiment and this is confirmed through the values shown in Appendix A. As the coil is moved away from the wires, the magnetic field weakens but at a decreased rate as the distance increases; therefore, we would expect a graph displaying a reciprocal nature, achieved in figures 3 and 4. To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was successful in demonstrating the effects of magnetic fields produced by long wires and the effects of ferrite on the emf induced in a coil, successfully validating the theory from section 2 that the magnitude of the magnetic flux field, B, is proportional to the reciprocal of the distance of the coil from the wire. However, the consistently higher experimental values compared to the theoretical values clearly demonstrates the possible disturbances arising from the interaction between two different magnetic fields and highlights the need to minimise these to achieve accurate results. Through the introduction of a ferrite core, this experiment was successful in demonstrating a simple method for this. The findings from this experiment are statistically insignificant due to the nature of the apparatus used and the various possible sources of error, both systematic, because of EMI, and human, arising from the low level of accuracy when measuring distances and ensuring the coil remains parallel to the wire. However, the experiment was useful in showing the basic relationship between distance and the strength of magnetic flux, as well as highlighting the importance of finding solutions to reduce the effects of EMI on induced voltages and introducing a simple method for realizing this. [1] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Magnetic Field, Encyclopaedia Brittanica, [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/magnetic-field. [Accessed 19 October 2016]. [2] M. Rouse, Electromagnetic Field, March 2010. [Online]. Available: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/electromagnetic-field. [Accessed 20 October 2016]. [3] Institute of Physics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2012. [Online]. Available: www.iop.org/education/teacher/resources/teaching-medical-physics/magnetic/file_56290.pdf. [Accessed 20 October 2016]. [4] K. Bonsor, Maglev Train, 13 October 2000. [Online]. Available: http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/maglev-train.htm. [Accessed 19 October 2016]. [5] M. Williams, Use of Electromagnets, 13 January 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.universetoday.com/39295/uses-of-electromagnets/. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [6] Andi, What is electromagnetic interference and how does it affect us?, [Online]. Available: https://www.westfloridacomponents.com/blog/what-is-electromagnetic-interference-emi-and-how-does-it-affect-us/. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [7] M. Soleimani, Faradays Law, University of Bath, 2016. [8] D. Wood, Amperes Law: Definiton Examples, [Online]. Available: http://study.com/academy/lesson/amperes-law-definition-examples.html. [Accessed 22 October 2016]. [9] Hyper Physics, Faradays Law, [Online]. Available: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:85jQ17DaK1wJ:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html+cd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=uk. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [10] Wikipedia, Magnetic Core, [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core. [Accessed 23 October 2016]. Single Wire Single Wire with Ferrite Core Double Wire

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Julius Caesar Brutus displays the traits of a tragic hero through out this play but being a good person but makes an error in judgment, and when this error occurred it causes his own downfall. First off is that Brutus makes an error in judgment by joining the conspiracy to over throw Caesar. But the only reason that Brutus had joined was because his tragic flaw was honor; he lived his life on the guidelines of honor and loyalty. Now lastly Brutus had caused his very own downfall when after killing Caesar all of Rome has now turned against the conspirators. Those are some of the reasons that display Brutus is a tragic hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brutus had joined the conspiracy for honor and for the good of Rome. Yet by joining this group his honor is really being put to the test because when he joined the conspiracy he pledged to take part in the murder of Julius Caesar. Brutus and Caesar are best friends, so now how is it honorable to kill one of your friends? But Brutus and the other conspirators had claimed that Caesar was just about to claim himself the king of Rome. When one has claimed themselves the king of Rome the people of Rome have the right to kill that person. So by saying this when the conspirators knew that Caesar was about to claim the thrown they strike and kill him. But another one of Brutus’ traits has now appeared, loyalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loyalty and honor are the only tragic flaws that Brutus has but these are the reason that he has killed Caesar. Brutus had said that he had killed Caesar for the good of Rome and that his ancestors would have wanted this. Which is true that his ancestors had said that if any man were to claim themselves the king of Rome to kill them, but Caesar had never claimed himself king. The conspirators had only assumed that. So in reality by killing Caesar it wasn’t displaying loyalty and honor it was really showing stupidity. But Brutus’ tragic flaws are the real reason of his own downfall, as well as Rome’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately Rome’s downfall was because Brutus had caused his own downfall. It first started when the conspirators killed Caesar, but what had made the situation worse was allowing Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral. After the funeral the locals of Rome was so moved by Antony’s speech that they were in a blind fury and had to kill any conspirator that they had found, which ended up in the death of Cinna the poet.

Lt. Jimmy Cross and Young Goodman Brown Unexpected Changes Essay exampl

Often stories are magical and uplifting. Yet just as often, tales are tragic, downtrodden, or simply realistically portrayed. Also, on rare occasions, stories are a conglomerate of devices, messages, and harrowing trials that give a little of everything while continuing on in an almost certainly volatile direction. There are two such stories, by two different authors, which utilize this style. In, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† by Tim O’Brien, there begins a seemingly innocent portrayal of protagonist Lt. Jimmy Cross. He is not so dissimilar from protagonist Young Goodman Brown, from the story by the same name, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although many similarities can be found in their rising actions, climaxes, and right through to their denouements, they are perhaps most similar in their expositions. The differences are striking, but inevitably both stories conclude with a similar point. Countless reasons cause great and terrible changes in people, often unexpect edly. Both protagonists are initially virtuous, simple, and unbroken. Goodman Brown and his wife are described as young and newly married. This shows in Brown’s quick pivot to kiss Faith farewell, and in her longing gaze with ribbons waving adieux (Hawthorne 553-4). The couple hoping for an expeditious and safe return, yet both feeling perturbed. Lt. Cross does not begin carefree, but he is filled with a hopeful longing. His hope is based on Martha’s unrequited love. Cross appears deft at compartmentalizing what is and what is not currently relevant. Martha’s letters carry him through the days’ obligations while he awaits nightfall and time to read them (O’Brien 684-685). He is unconcerned with her lack of affection, which reveals a childlike mind. This implies that, ... ...duly recognized as complete self devastation due to the depravity he now sees in everyone. Cross likely expected some type of metamorphosis when going away to combat. Brown on the other hand was probably expecting a much more benign shift—if any. Both stories fabulously depict the unexpected variances and changes in mortal human lives. People may try to prepare for life’s onslaught of tribulations, but no one is able to foresee every possibility and effect. Works Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Emily Barrosse. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 684-696. Print. O’Brien, Tim. â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Emily Barrosse. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 553-562. Print.

Cultural Similarities and Differences

The Indian culture has different languages, which include Hindi, Bengali, and Urdu. The officially recognized language is Hindi with other local languages not recognized by the central government. Texans officially use American English with various variations and accents. Australian languages Include Australian slang, Indigenous Australian languages, and variations of Australian English (Dally, 1998). Nigeria has over 50 indigenous languages with very many local dialects. The predominant languages are Your, Bio, Afro -Asiatic and Kanji. The official language is English ND Is used across all states to unite the people.Except India, the other three countries share a salary language (I. E. English) though It has small variations In accent and pronunciation. Family Systems Indians maintain close personal ties with their families including the extended family members. Family relationships are hierarchical and the father is the patriarchal leader of the family. All members have mutual obli gations to their families and they maintain deep rooted trust among all relatives (Maker, 2008). Nigerian maintain an extended family system with relationships guided by hierarchy and seniority.Individuals are obliged to give the extended family members financial assistance and guidance (Coelenterates. N. D). The American family unit Is nuclear with the extended family living away from it. Individualism is highly practiced. The family set ups across the four countries recognizes the father as the head of the family. The role of extended family members is emphasized in Nigerian and Indian cultures where people recognize the senior members of the society. Australian and Texan cultures emphasize individualism and the societies generate highly independent people. Behavioral NormsIn India, greetings follow seniority with the most senior person being greeted first. Though shaking hands Is common, men seldom shake hands with women because of religious beliefs and It Is mandatory to bid eac h person farewell Individually when leaving a group. In Nigeria, shaking hands is the most common form of greeting. Men 1 OFF other person's well being. Direct eye contact is avoided when meeting with older and senior members of the society and as a sign of respect one is expected to bow. Nigerian place importance to professional titles and surnames. In Texas greetings are casual, a handshake, a smile, and a hello are enough.Men use only handshakes but women and children may hug and shake hands even in formal settings. Introductions are very important before any communication. It is considered rude to call senior persons by their first name. Men are supposed to be polite to ladies, they pull chairs and open doors for them and ladies are expected to say a polite thank you in return (Celebrities, 2012). Australian forms of greetings are informal and brief; shaking hands is common in formal setups. Ladies generally do not greet each other. Australians maintain good relationships with a ll people as they are down to earth ND modest.Religion India is a secular state with a lot of religious diversity. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jansenism, and Schism are practiced by most of the people. Christianity is practiced by a minority. Texas has a wide range of religious diversity with Christianity being practiced by the majority. Adherence levels are very high and individual religious beliefs are tolerated. Religious diversity in Nigeria is great with Christianity and Islam being practiced by the majority. Native religions that believe in deities, spirits, and ancestral worship are spread throughout the country. The country constitution remunerates freedom of worship.Majority of Australians are Christians with Islam being practiced by a few. Traditional aborigine religious cultures are practiced by a few aborigines as the others have converted to Christianity. The country laws are tolerant to different religious beliefs. Across the four countries, religion influences the culture of the people with Christianity, Salamis, Hinduism, and Judaism being recognized and accepted by the societies. Freedom of worship is allowed by their respective constitutions; but in Nigeria emergence of radical Salamis has affected he culture of the societies living in the affected areas.Business Etiquette There are various ways in which business is approached in various societies. In Indian society, it is customary for all sides to personally know each other before any business transaction take place. Business meetings are planned by appointments and punctuality is kept as a sign of mutual respect. Negotiations are non confrontational and the final decision is made by the person with the most authority. Decision making is slow and informal and successful negotiations are concluded by a word of mouth and celebrated over a meal. Formal dressing during meetings is expected and shows respect.In the Nigerian culture, developing a personal relationship is essential before any business tra nsaction. Business is conducted in a formal setup and decision making involves all the stakeholders. Nigerian are overly suspicious and proceed with business cautiously. Punctuality for meetings is very important to Texans and it is a sign of disrespect to be late. There is little emphasis on small talk and business is conducted rapidly. To conduct business, an appointment is necessary in Australia. Business is conducted rapidly in a relaxed environment. Personal relationships and show of emotion is not important in their business transactions.Conclusion The culture across all the four countries is steeped with differences and similarities continually changing with advent of globalization and information technology. The family and religious inclinations of these societies fundamentally influences their behavior, norms, and way of thinking. The cultures have inherent mechanisms of maintaining their way of life. In all the cultures, younger members are expected to respect their elders and this maintains social order. Though fundamentally different, arioso cultures have a lot to teach and are universally almost the same.